The pagans used the Ka'aba as their temple of worship and had stones (baetyls) that represented their gods. They practiced animal sacrifice there, and circled it in their religious rituals.

The pagans practiced polygamy, slavery, kidnapping, and raiding.

The pagans had superstitious beliefs about djinn, the "evil eye," etc.

Muhammad, in fact, was highly superstitious, and the only pagan practices that he seems to have done away with were additional gods beside Allah and female infanticide. He didn't even follow his own rule of a four-wife-limit.